What is the solution to the equation 8 mod 3?
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation
The modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another (called the modulus of the operation).
Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor. The modulo operation is to be distinguished from the symbol mod, which refers to the modulus (or divisor) one is operating from.
For example, the expression '5 mod 2' would evaluate to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while '9 mod 3' would evaluate to 0, because the division of 9 by 3 has a quotient of 3 and a remainder of 0; there is nothing to subtract from 9 after multiplying 3 times 3.
A 160-bit hash algorithm developed by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel for which there are 128, 256 and 320-bit versions is called what?
RIPEMD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPEMD
RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants). There are five functions in the family: RIPEMD, RIPEMD-128, RIPEMD-160, RIPEMD-256, and RIPEMD-320, of which RIPEMD-160 is the most common.
The original RIPEMD, as well as RIPEMD-128, is not considered secure because 128-bit result is too small and also (for the original RIPEMD) because of design weaknesses. The 256- and 320-bit versions of RIPEMD provide the same level of security as RIPEMD-128 and RIPEMD-160, respectively; they are designed for applications where the security level is sufficient but longer hash result is necessary.
How does Kerberos generate the first secret key in the authentication process?
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